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|image=Rashiscript.PNG |imagecaption=The Rashi script, originally used to write the language |pronunciation= |states=Israel, Turkey, US, France, Greece, Brazil, UK, Morocco, Bulgaria, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Tunisia, Belgium, South Africa, Austria and others |ethnicity=Sephardim and Sabbateans |speakers=112,130 in Israel |date=1985 |ref=e18 |speakers2=10,000 in Turkey (2007) |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Italic |fam3=Romance |fam4=Western |fam5=Gallo-Iberian |fam6=Ibero-Romance |fam7=West Iberian |fam8=Spanish |dialects=Eastern/Oriental; Western/Occidental; Haketia |script=mainly Latin alphabet; (originally Rashi and Solitreo) also Hebrew and Cyrillic and rarely Greek and Arabic |minority= |agency=none |iso2=lad |iso3=lad |glotto=ladi1251 |glottorefname=Ladino |linglist=lad |lingua=51-AAB-ba ... 51-AAB-bd |map=Idioma sefardí.PNG |notice=ipa }} Judaeo-Spanish (also Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish: , Hebrew script: , Cyrillic: ), commonly referred to as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, Netherlands, Morocco, and the UK, today it is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, most of the speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, Turkey and France.〔(Council of Europe – List of ratifications of the Charter for regional/minority languages )〕 The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish and it has numerous elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, such as Old Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Old Catalan, Old Portuguese and Mozarabic. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic, especially in the domains of religion, law and spirituality and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans as well, such as Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However today, it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish is also locally known by many different names, major ones being: ''Español/Espanyol'', ''Judió/Djudyo'' (or ''Jidió/Djidyo''), ''Judesmo/Djudezmo'', ''Sefaradhí/Sefaradi'' and ''Ḥaketilla/Haketia''. In Israel, the language is called ''(E)spanyolit'' and ''Ladino''. In Turkey and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, the language has been traditionally called ''Yahudice'', meaning the Jewish language. Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans and the Middle-East and renowned for its rich literature especially in Thessaloniki, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons. In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music. ==Name== In Israel particularly, and in America and Spain, the language is commonly called ''Ladino'' () (a derivative of "Latin"), though some people who actually speak the language consider this use incorrect.〔(Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki ). Jmth.gr. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.〕 The language is also called ''judeo-espagnol'', ''judeo-español'',〔(Real Academia Española dictionary, entry: Judeo-Español )'' in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (DRAE).〕 ''Sefardí'', ''Judío'', ''Judesmo'', and ''Espanyol'' or ''Español sefardita''; ''Haquetía'' (from the Arabic ''ħaka'' حكى, "tell") refers to the dialect of North Africa, especially Morocco. The dialect of the Oran area of Algeria was called ''Tetuani'', after the Moroccan town Tétouan, since many Orani Jews came from this city. In Hebrew, the language is called ''Spanyolit''. According to the ''Ethnologue'', "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, especially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others." The derivation of the name ''Ladino'' is complicated. In pre-Expulsion times in the area known today as Spain the word meant literary Castilian as opposed to other dialects, or Romance in general as distinct from Arabic.〔 (DRAE: Ladino, 2nd sense ). Buscon.rae.es. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.〕 (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Castilian, refers to it as ''ladino'' or ''ladina''. In the Middle Ages, the word ''Latin'' was frequently used to mean simply "language", and in particular the language one understands: a ''latiner'' or ''latimer'' meant a translator.) Following the expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the traditional oral translation of the Bible into archaic Castilian. By extension it came to mean that style of Castilian generally, in the same way that (among Kurdish Jews) ''Targum'' has come to mean Judeo-Aramaic and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) ''sharħ'' has come to mean Judeo-Arabic.〔Historia 16, 1978〕 Informally, and especially in modern Israel, many speakers use ''Ladino'' to mean Judaeo-Spanish as a whole. The language was formerly regulated by a body called the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino in Israel. More strictly, however, the term is confined to the style used in translation. According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki, Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these, translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of the Bible, the Biblia de Ferrara (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles."〔 This Judaeo-Spanish ''ladino'' should not be confused with the ''ladino or Ladin language'' spoken in part of North-Eastern Italy, which is closely related with the ''rumantsch-ladin'' of Swiss Grisons (it is disputed whether or not they form a common Rhaeto-Romance language) and has nothing to do with either Jews or Spanish beyond being, like Spanish, a Romance language, a property they share with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. In modern standard Spanish, "ladino" is an adjective〔2001 ''Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of the Spanish tongue, Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española'', Espasa.〕 that means "sly" or "cunning". In Guatemala, "ladino" refers to a person of non-Amerindian heritage, including mestizos, as well as an Amerindian who has adopted the culture of non-Amerindians. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Judaeo-Spanish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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